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How Many Times Can Someone Run for the Office of Governor?

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In the United states of america, term limits, as well referred to equally rotation in part, restrict the number of terms of office an officer may serve. At the federal level, the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution limits the president of the The states to 2 iv-year terms. Land government offices in some, but non all states, are term-express, including for executive, legislative, and judicial office.

Historical background [edit]

The Constitution [edit]

Term limits can date back to the American Revolution, and prior to that to the democracies and republics of antiquity. The council of 500 in aboriginal Athens rotated its unabridged membership annually, as did the ephorate in aboriginal Sparta. The ancient Roman Democracy featured a system of elected magistrates—tribunes of the plebs, aediles, quaestors, praetors, and consuls —who served a single term of one twelvemonth, with re-election to the same magistracy forbidden for ten years (see cursus honorum). Co-ordinate to historian Garrett Fagan, role holding in the Roman Commonwealth was based on "express tenure of office" which ensured that "authority circulated frequently", helping to preclude corruption. An additional do good of the cursus honorum or Run of Offices was to bring the "well-nigh experienced" politicians to the upper echelons of power-holding in the aboriginal republic.[1] Many of the founders of the United States were educated in the classics, and quite familiar with rotation in the part during artifact. The debates of that 24-hour interval reveal a desire to study and profit from the object lessons offered by ancient democracy.[ citation needed ]

Prior to independence, several colonies had already experimented with term limits. The Primal Orders of Connecticut of 1639, for example, prohibited the colonial governor from serving sequent terms by setting terms at ane year's length and holding "that no person be chosen Governor above once in ii years."[2] Shortly after independence, the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 set maximum service in the Pennsylvania General Assembly at "four years in seven".[3] Benjamin Franklin'southward influence is seen non only in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution, simply besides because it included, virtually unchanged, Franklin'southward earlier proposals on executive rotation. Pennsylvania'south plural executive was composed of twelve citizens elected for the term of iii years, followed past a mandatory vacation of four years.[4]

The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781, established term limits for the delegates to the Continental Congress, mandating in Commodity V that "no person shall be capable of beingness a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years."[5]

On October 2, 1789, the Continental Congress appointed a committee of 13 to examine forms of authorities for the impending marriage of the states. Among the proposals was that from the State of Virginia, written by Thomas Jefferson, urging a limitation of tenure, "to forestall every danger which might ascend to American freedom by continuing too long in role the members of the Continental Congress".[6] The commission made recommendations, which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Manufactures of Confederation (1781–89). The 5th Article stated that "no person shall be capable of being a consul [to the continental congress] for more than 3 years in any term of six years".[a]

Term limits in the Constitution [edit]

In contrast to the Articles of Confederation, the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the U.S. Constitution of 1789. At the convention, some delegates spoke passionately confronting term limits such as Rufus King, who said "that he who has proved himself to exist virtually fit for an Office, ought not to be excluded by the constitution from property information technology."[7] The Electoral Higher, it was believed by some[ who? ] delegates at the convention, could have a function to play in limiting unfit officers from standing.

When the states ratified the Constitution (1787–88), several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure as a dangerous defect, especially, they thought, as regards the presidency and the Senate. Richard Henry Lee viewed the absence of legal limits to tenure, together with certain other features of the Constitution, equally "most highly and dangerously oligarchic".[8] Both Jefferson[9] and George Mason[10] advised limits on reelection to the Senate and to the Presidency, because said Mason, "nada is so essential to the preservation of a Republican government as a periodic rotation". The historian Mercy Otis Warren, warned that "there is no provision for a rotation, nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of function in the same hands for life; which past a fiddling well-timed bribery, volition probably be done".[11]

Subsequently 1789 [edit]

Korzi (2013) says George Washington did not ready the breezy precedent for a two-term limit for the Presidency. He just meant he was too worn out to personally go along in part.[12] It was Thomas Jefferson who fabricated it a principle in 1808. He fabricated many statements calling for term limits in one grade or another.[b]

The tradition was challenged by Ulysses Grant in 1880,[13] and past Theodore Roosevelt in 1912.[14] Otherwise no major effort to avoid it took identify until 1940 when Franklin Roosevelt explicitly broke information technology.[15] The 22nd Subpoena to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in police the two-term limit—although it did non utilise to the incumbent Harry Truman.

The fact that "perpetuity in office" was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office every bit a popular 19th-century concept. "Ideas are, in truth, forces", and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support, specially at the local level, that it contradistinct political reality.[xvi] [c]

During the Civil War, the Constitution of the Confederate States limited its president to a single vi-yr term.

Era of incumbency [edit]

The exercise of nomination rotation for the Firm of Representatives began to refuse after the Ceremonious War. Information technology took a generation or so before the straight primary system, civil service reforms, and the ethic of professionalism worked to eliminate rotation in function as a common political practise. By the turn of the 20th century the era of incumbency was coming into total swing.[ citation needed ]

A total of 8 presidents served two total terms and declined a tertiary and three presidents served one full term and refused a second. Afterwards World War Ii, all the same, an officer form had developed to the point that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.S. Supreme Court, where tenure is for life.[ citation needed ]

Term limits movement [edit]

A movement in favor of term limits took hold in the early 1990s, and reached its apex in 1992-94, a period when 17 states enacted term limits through state legislation or state constitutional amendments.[17]

Many of the laws enacted limited terms for both the state legislature and in the country'due south delegation to Congress; as they pertain to Congress, these laws were struck down equally unconstitutional past U.Southward. Supreme Court in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995), in which the court ruled, on a 5–4 vote, that state governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national government.[17] [eighteen]

Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood court challenges, term limits proceed to garner popular support. Every bit of 2002, the advocacy grouping "U.S. Term Limits" found that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation, public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent.[nineteen]

Federal term limits [edit]

Part Term limits
President Express to being elected to a full of 2 four-year terms. A President by succession who completes more two years of a onetime President's unfinished term may be elected in their own right simply once, and two more four-year terms are permitted if they complete 2 years or less. Becoming a President past succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times, for example, if they are Vice President and the President dies, resigns or is removed from part via impeachment confidence.[20]
Vice President Unlimited 4-twelvemonth terms
House of Representatives Unlimited two-year terms
Senate Unlimited six-yr terms
Supreme Court No term limits, appointed to serve "during good behavior"[21] (only tin can be impeached and removed from office for "loftier Crimes and Misdemeanors"); in exercise a Justice serves until death, resignation, or retirement.

As of 2013, term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive branch and some agencies. Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life, and are not subject field to ballot or to term limits. The U.South. Congress remains (since the Thornton conclusion of 1995) without balloter limits.

President [edit]

"Four more years" redirects here. For the documentary, run into Four More Years.

George Washington'due south decision in 1796 not to run for a third term has often been given credit every bit the starting time of a tradition that no president should ever run for a third term.[22] Washington wanted to retire when his first term concluded in 1792 but all his advisors begged him to represent reelection. By 1796 he insisted on retiring, for he felt exhausted, and was disgusted with the virulent personal attacks on his integrity. His Farewell Address very briefly mentioned why he would not run for a tertiary term, and goes on to give a great bargain of political communication, but it does not mention term limits. After his death, his refusal to run was explained in terms of a "no-tertiary-tradition". Crockett (2008) argues, "The argument for term limits has a solid and respectable pedigree. Contrary to popular conventionalities, however, that full-blooded does not begin with George Washington."[23] The Second President, John Adams, lost re-ballot in 1800 to Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson himself declined re-ballot to a third term, attributing the precedent to Washington.[24]

In the 1780s, about one-half u.s.a. provided term limits for governors.[25] The Ramble convention of 1787 discussed the issue and decided not to found presidential term limits. "The matter was fairly discussed in the Convention," Washington wrote in 1788, "and to my full convictions ... I tin see no propriety in precluding ourselves from the services of whatsoever man, who on some groovy emergency shall be deemed universally, virtually capable of serving the Public", even after serving two terms. The Constitution, Washington explained, retained sufficient checks against political corruption and brackish leadership without a presidential term limits provision.[26] Jefferson, all the same, strongly endorsed a policy of term limits. He rejected calls from supporters that he run for a tertiary term in 1808, telling several state legislatures in 1807-1808 that he needed to back up "the audio precedent set by [his] illustrious predecessor."[24]

A political cartoon showing Washington rejecting Theodore Roosevelt's highly controversial run for a 3rd term in 1912

In 1861, the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-election. That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians later the Civil War, almost notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address. Ulysses Grant was urged to run for a third term in 1876, but he refused. He did try to win the 1880 nomination, just was defeated in part because of popular anti-third-term sentiment.[27] Theodore Roosevelt had already served over 7 years and in 1912, after a 4-year hiatus, ran for a third term. He was violently criticized and was almost killed by John Flammang Schrank for doing so.[28] The 1912 ballot was ultimately won past Woodrow Wilson.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (president, 1933–1945) was the merely president to be elected more than twice, having won a 3rd term in 1940 and a 4th term in 1944 (though he died in office three months into his fourth term). This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.Due south. Constitution. Every bit ratified in 1951, the 20-2d Amendment provides that "no person shall be elected to the function of President more than than twice". The new Amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent president, Harry S. Truman. Even so, Truman declined to seek re-election to a third term in 1952.[29]

Congress [edit]

Letter of the alphabet from Senator Orrin Hatch, first elected in 1976, expressing reservations regarding term limits (dated Feb 10, 2011)

Reformers during the early 1990s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states. Voters in eight of these states canonical the congressional term limits by an average electoral margin of 2 to one.[30] Information technology was an open question whether states had the constitutional authority to enact these limits. In May 1995, the U.South. Supreme Courtroom ruled five–4 in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995), that states cannot impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators.

In the 1994 elections, part of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress. Later on winning the majority, a Republican congressman brought a constitutional amendment to the Business firm floor that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six-twelvemonth terms and members of the Firm to vi 2-year terms.[31] However, this rate of rotation was then slow (the life-tenured Supreme Courtroom averages nearly 16 years) that the congressional version of term-limits garnered little support among the populist backers of term limits, including U.Due south. Term Limits, the largest private arrangement pushing for congressional term limits.[d] The bill got only a bare bulk (227–204), falling short of the ii-thirds majority (290) needed for ramble amendments.[32] Iii other term limit amendment bills failed to become more than than 200 votes.[e]

Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court, the federal term limit movement was brought to a halt. The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures (every bit distinguished from the federal congressional delegations) remain in force, however, in fifteen states.[33] [34]

In 2007 Larry J. Sabato revived the debate over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the land level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level equally well. He specifically put forth the thought of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention be used to reach the amendment, since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and prefer any amendment that limits its own power.

Some country legislators accept also expressed their opinions on term limits. It is confirmed that in the following five states—and in that location may be others—country lawmakers canonical resolutions asking Congress to propose a federal ramble amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve:

  1. South Dakota Legislature (designated as POM-42 in the U.S. Senate) canonical in 1989, S Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 (see Congressional Record of April 4, 1989, at pages 5395 and 5396, with verbatim text provided);
  2. Hawaii Senate (designated as Memorial 400 in the U.Due south. House of Representatives) approved in 1990, Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41—unicameral merely (see Congressional Record of September 28, 1998, at page 22655) it took 8 years for this resolution to discover its way into the Congressional Record and to be correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary—and even then, its text was not provided in the Congressional Tape); back in 1990, Hawaii's S.R. No. 41 was indeed received past the U.Southward. Firm of Representatives, and was designated every bit Memorial 416, (Congressional Record of June 6, 1990, at pages thirteen,262 and 13,263) simply the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce—and its text is NOT provided in the Congressional Record;
  3. Utah Legislature (designated as POM-644 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1990, Utah Senate Articulation Resolution No. 24 (encounter Congressional Tape of September 27, 1994, at page 26033, with verbatim text provided) information technology took four years for this resolution to find its mode into the U.S. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record;
  4. Idaho Legislature (designated every bit Memorial 401 in the U.S. Business firm of Representatives) canonical in 1992, Idaho Senate Articulation Memorial No. 116 (see Congressional Tape of April 29, 1992, at page 9804—text Not provided in the Congressional Record); and
  5. Florida Legislature (designated equally POM-122 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 2012, Florida House Memorial No. 83 (encounter Congressional Record of July 25, 2012, at page S5378, with verbatim text provided). Taking matters a bit further, on February x, 2016, Florida lawmakers approved Business firm Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress, pursuant to Article V of the Federal Constitution, to assemble a Convention to set up a constitutional subpoena that would constitute term limits upon members of Congress.

Supreme Court [edit]

Legal scholars accept discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the United States. Currently, Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life "during good behavior". A sentiment has developed, amid certain scholars, that the Supreme Court may not be answerable in a way that is well-nigh in line with the spirit of checks and balances.[35] Equally, scholars take argued that life tenure has taken on a new significant in a modern context.[36] Changes in medical intendance accept markedly raised life expectancy and therefore have allowed Justices to serve for longer than always earlier.[35] [36] Steven Yard. Calebresi and James Lindgren, professors of law at Northwestern University, argued that because vacancies in the court are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average 26.1 years between 1971 and 2006, the "efficacy of the democratic check that the appointment process provides on the Courtroom's membership" is reduced.[35] At that place have been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation's highest courtroom, including Professor of Law at Duke Academy Paul Carrington'south "Supreme Court Renewal Human action of 2005".[37]

Many of the proposals heart around a term limit for Justices that would be eighteen years to 25 years in length. (Larry Sabato, Professor of Political Science at Academy of Virginia, suggested between fifteen and xviii years).[35] [36] [37] [38] The staggered term limits of 18 years proposed past Calebresi & Lindgren (2006) and Carrington & Cramton (2005) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFCarringtonCramton2005 (aid) would allow for a new appointment to the Courtroom every two years, which in result would let every president at to the lowest degree two appointments.[36] Carrington has argued that such a measure would not require a ramble amendment as the "Constitution doesn't even mention life tenure; it just requires that justices serve during 'good behaviour' ".[36] The idea was endorsed amidst Judges, as John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Court every bit Chief Justice. Calebresi, Lingren, and Carrington accept also proposed that when justices have served out their proposed 18-year term they should exist able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement, death, or removal.[35] [36]

Fairleigh Dickinson University'south PublicMind Poll measured American voters' attitudes towards diverse proposed Supreme Court reforms, including implementing term limits. The 2010 poll found that a bulk of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years, as 82% reported they had heard little or nothing at all.[39] Notwithstanding a lack of sensation, 52% of Americans approved of limiting terms to xviii years, while 35% disapproved.[39] When asked how old is too old for a Supreme Court judge to serve if he seems healthy, 48% said "no limit as long every bit he is good for you", while 31% agreed that anyone over the age of lxx is too former.[39]

Some state lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices as well as of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Court level. While in that location might be others, below are three known examples:

  1. In 1957, the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the subject area (actualization in the U.Southward. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3, 1957, at page 10863, with full text provided);
  2. In 1978, the Tennessee General Assembly adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the subject (designated as POM-612 by the U.Due south. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25, 1978, at page 11437); and
  3. In 1998, the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the bailiwick (designated equally POM-511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in total in the Congressional Record of July 17, 1998, at page 16076).

State term limits [edit]

Term limits for state officials accept existed since colonial times. The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682, and the colonial frame of government of the same year, both authored by William Penn, provided for triennial rotation of the provincial council—the upper house of the colonial legislature.[40] The Delaware Constitution of 1776 limited the governor to a single iii-year term; currently, the governor of Delaware can serve two four-year terms.

Gubernatorial term limits [edit]

U.S. gubernatorial term limits equally of 2014

Governors of 36 states[41] and four territories are discipline to various term limits, while the governors of 14 states, Puerto Rico, and the Mayor of Washington, D.C., may serve an unlimited number of terms. Each state'southward gubernatorial term limits are prescribed past its state constitution, with the exception of Wyoming, whose limits are found in its statutes. Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands, the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and by statute in American Samoa.

Uniquely, Virginia prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms, although one-time governors are eligible to serve once again as governor afterwards a specified menstruation (currently, four years) out of office. Several other states formerly had this "no succession" rule (which was function of Virginia's original constitution in 1776), simply all have eliminated the prohibition except Virginia past 2000 (including Mississippi, which repealed it in 1986, and Kentucky, which repealed it in 1992).[42]

The governors of the following states and territories are limited to two sequent terms, but are eligible to run again afterwards four years out of office: Alabama,[43] Alaska,[44] Arizona,[45] Colorado,[46] Florida,[47] Georgia,[48] Hawaii,[49] Kansas,[fifty] Kentucky,[51] Louisiana,[52] Maine,[53] Maryland,[54] Nebraska,[55] New Jersey,[56] New Mexico,[57] North Carolina,[58] Ohio,[59] Pennsylvania,[lx] Rhode Isle,[61] South Carolina,[62] South Dakota,[63] Tennessee,[64] Due west Virginia,[65] American Samoa,[66] Guam,[67] and the U.Due south. Virgin Islands.[68]

Equivalently, the Governors of Indiana[69] and Oregon[70] are limited to serving 8 out of any 12 years. Conversely, the Governors of Montana[71] and Wyoming[72] are limited to two terms, serving 8 out of any 16 years.

Finally, the governors of the following states and territory are limited to two terms for life during a person'due south lifetime menstruation: Arkansas,[73] California,[74] Delaware,[75] Michigan,[76] Mississippi,[77] Missouri,[78] Nevada,[79] the Northern Mariana Islands,[80] and Oklahoma.[81] Former Governor of California Jerry Brown, withal, served iv non-sequent terms because his first two terms were before limits were passed in California, and the limits did not apply to individuals' prior terms.

The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two-year terms. The governors (or equivalent) in the post-obit states, commune, and territory may serve unlimited four-year terms: Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, N Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The Governor of Utah was previously limited to serving three terms, but all term limit laws accept since been repealed by the legislature.

State legislatures with term limits [edit]

15 state legislatures currently accept term limits.[82] The earliest country legislative term limit was enacted in 1990, and the most contempo was enacted in 2000; term limits only went into effect years after they were enacted.[82]

  • Arizona Legislature: four consecutive ii-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on full number of terms.
  • Arkansas General Assembly: 12 sequent years with the pick to return after a four yr break. The lifetime limit of xvi years full in either the Firm or the Senate was repealed past referendum in 2020. (Prior to the 2022 election, the previous limits of three two-year terms for Business firm members (half dozen years) and 2 four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) applied).
  • California Land Legislature: twelve years full in either Assembly or Senate. (For legislators first elected on or earlier June 5, 2012, the previous limits (enacted in 1990) of three 2-twelvemonth terms for Assembly members (six years) and two 4-year terms for Senate members (eight years) utilise).
  • Colorado General Associates: four sequent two-year terms in the House (eight years) and two consecutive 4-year terms in the Senate (eight years). Old members can run again after a 4 year break.
  • Florida Legislature: may serve no more 8 consecutive years in either business firm. No limit on total number of terms.
  • Illinois Senate: Senate Presidents and Minority Leaders may non serve for more than 10 years.[83]
  • Louisiana Country Legislature: three sequent four-year terms for both houses (twelve years). Members may run for the reverse body without having to sit out an election.
  • Maine Legislature: four two-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on total number of terms
  • Michigan Legislature: 3 two-year terms for House members (six years) and two four-twelvemonth terms for Senate members (eight years).
  • Missouri General Associates: four two-year terms for House members (eight years) and 2 4-twelvemonth terms for Senate members (eight years). Members may be elected over again to the other house, just not serve more 16 years.
  • Montana State Legislature: 4 two-year terms for House members (eight years) in any sixteen-year menstruum and 2 four-year terms for Senate members (8 years) in whatsoever sixteen-year period.
  • Nebraska Legislature: unicameral legislature; members limited to two sequent 4-year terms (eight years), later which they must wait iv years before running again.[84]
  • Nevada Legislature: vi two-year terms for Assembly members (twelve years) and three 4-twelvemonth terms for Senate members (twelve years).
  • Ohio Full general Associates: four consecutive 2-yr terms for House members (eight years) and two consecutive iv-year terms for Senate members (eight years).
  • Oklahoma Legislature: Twelve years of total combined service in either the House or the Senate. If a legislator'southward first term is the event of a special election, that service does not count toward the limit.[85]
  • Southward Dakota Legislature: four sequent two-year terms for both houses (eight years).

Overturned or repealed state legislative term limits [edit]

Legislative term limits accept been repealed or overturned in half-dozen states. Term limits for country legislatures were adopted by Idaho and Utah in 1994, but repealed by their respective legislatures in 2002 (Idaho) and 2003 (Utah).[82] Term limits adopted in four states were struck down as unconstitutional by the state supreme courts in those states: in Massachusetts, Washington and Wyoming, the courtroom ruled that term limits could not be enacted by statute, and could only be enacted past an amendment to the country constitution; the Oregon Supreme Court ruled that the Oregon initiative establishing term limits violated the single-subject rule.[82]

Municipal term limits [edit]

Some localities impose term limits for local office. Among the twenty most populous U.Southward. cities:

  • In that location are no term limits in Baltimore, Maryland; Charlotte, North Carolina; Chicago, Illinois; Columbus, Ohio, Detroit, Michigan, Fort Worth, Texas and Indianapolis, Indiana.[86]
  • Term limits of equal length are practical to both mayors and city council members in Austin, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio in Texas; Jacksonville, Florida; Memphis, Tennessee; New York City; and San Diego, San Francisco, and San Jose in California.[86]
  • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has term limits for the mayor, simply not the city quango.[86] The mayor may serve ii sequent terms but at that place is no limit on the total number of terms.
  • Los Angeles, California and Phoenix, Arizona have term limits for both the mayor and city council, but the term limits for the mayor are stricter than the term limits for the quango.[86]

A two-term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials (except for district attorneys) in New York Metropolis later a 1993 referendum (see the Charter of the City of New York, § 1138). On November 3, 2008, even so, when Michael Bloomberg was in his second term of mayor, the Urban center Council approved the extension of the two-term limit to a 3-term limit; one twelvemonth afterwards, he was elected to a third term. The ii-term limit was reinstated after a plebiscite in 2010.[87] [88]

Affect [edit]

Enquiry shows that legislative term limits increment legislative polarization,[89] reduce the legislative skills of politicians,[ninety] [91] [92] reduce the legislative productivity of politicians,[93] weaken legislatures vis-à-vis the executive,[94] and reduce voter turnout.[95] Parties reply to the implementation of term limits by recruiting candidates for part on more partisan lines.[96] States that implement term limits in the country legislatures are associated with also developing more powerful House speakers.[97]

Term limits have not reduced campaign spending,[98] reduced the gender gap in political representation,[99] increased the diversity of law-makers,[100] or increased the constituent service activities of law-makers.[101] Term limits have been linked to lower growth in revenues and expenditures.[102]

See also [edit]

  • Widow's succession
  • Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
  • Listing of political term limits
  • Political course
  • 2d Constitutional Convention of the United States

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Article 9, paragraph v, of the Articles of Confederation provided that, "no person exist immune to serve in the office of president more than i year in whatever term of four years."
  2. ^ See Family Guardian, "Thomas Jefferson on Politics & Regime".
  3. ^ For a detailed report of the 19th-century concepts of rotation, consult Struble Jr (1979–1980, p. 650). See likewise Struble Jr (2010); Young (1966).
  4. ^ U.Southward. Term Limits wanted House members to be limited to 3 two-year terms.[ commendation needed ]
  5. ^ The four ramble amendments on term limits which the House rejected 29 March 1995 were sponsored by: Democrat John Dingell [12/12 retroactive], rejected 135–297; Republican Bob Inglis [six/12, not retroactive], rejected 114–316; Republican Van Hilleary [12/12, unretroactive, simply defers to more stringent land imposed limits], rejected 164–265; Republican Bill McCollum [12/12 not retroactive and would override more stringent country limits]; canonical by less than the requisite 2/3, 227–204; on Feb 12, 1997 Congress did likewise by a margin of 217–211 [50.7%].

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ Fagan, Garrett G. (2003) [1999]. The History of Ancient Rome (DVD). The Great Courses. The Educational activity Company. ...Office-property at Rome was based on 2 important concepts: collegiality and limited tenure of function...
  2. ^ "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut". avalon.law.yale.edu. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Constabulary Library. Retrieved one May 2015.
  3. ^ "Constitution of Pennsylvania - September 28, 1776; department viii". avalon.police force.yale.edu. Yale Police School Lillian Goldman Law Library. xviii December 1998.
  4. ^ "Constitution of Pennsylvania - September 28, 1776; section 19". avalon.law.yale.edu. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library. 18 Dec 1998. On Franklin's programme of 1775, see Smyth, Albert Henry, ed. (1907). The Writings of Benjamin Franklin. Vol. half-dozen. New York: Macmillan. folio 423, article 9.
  5. ^ "Articles of Confederation: March 1, 1781". The Avalon Project. Yale Law Schoolhouse Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  6. ^ Boyd 1950, vol. 1, p. 411
  7. ^ Crane, Edward H.; Pilon, Roger, eds. (1994). The Politics and Law of Term Limits. Washington, DC: Cato Institute. p. 62. ISBN9781882577132.
  8. ^ Ballagh (1911, Letter to Edmund Randolph dated 16 October 1787: vol 2, pp. 450-455). See besides Ballagh (1911, Letter to Edmund Pendleton dated 12 May 1776: vol. one, p.191); Bennett, Walter H., ed. (1978). Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican. University of Alabama Press. pp. 72–75, 86.
  9. ^ Boyd 1950, vol. 12 p. 440; vol. 13 p. 490. See also Boyd 1950, vol. 15 p. 25 for Jefferson's definition of rotation in office.
  10. ^ Eliot, Jonathan, ed. (1836). The Debates in the Several State Conventions on Adoption of the Federal Constitution. Vol. 3. Washington, DC: Regime Printing Role. p. 485.
  11. ^ Otis Warren, Mercy (1981). "Observations on the new Constitution, and on the Federal and Land Conventions nine". In Staring, Herbert J. (ed.). The Complete Anti-Federalist. Vol. 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 270–278.
  12. ^ Korzi 2013, pp. 43–44.
  13. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 71–116.
  14. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 144–222.
  15. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 317–340.
  16. ^ (Struble Jr 1979–1980, p.650, footnote six). The quotation is from Henry James, the biographer.
  17. ^ a b John M. Carey, Richard G. Niemi & Lynda W. Powell, Term Limits in State Legislatures (University of Michigan Press: 2009), pp. 1-2.
  18. ^ U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995).
  19. ^ Rumenap, Stacie (August 2002). "Career Politicians Never Did Like Term Limits". No Uncertain Terms. Vol. 10, no. 7. pp. 2–3.
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Bibliography [edit]

  • Bailey, Harry A. (1972). "Presidential Tenure and the Ii-Term Tradition". Publius. two (2): 95–106. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a038259. JSTOR 3329550.
  • Ballagh, James C., ed. (1911). The Letters of Richard Henry Lee. Vol. Two volumes. New York: Macmillan.
  • Boyd, Julian F., ed. (1950). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Printing.
  • Crockett, David A. (2008). "An Backlog of Refinement: Lame Duck Presidents in Constitutional and Historical Context". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 38 (iv): 707–721. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.02673.x.
  • Korzi, Michael J. (2009). "Irresolute Views of Executive Tenure in Early American History". White House Studies. eight (three): 357–379.
  • Korzi, Michael J. (2013). Presidential Term Limits in American History: Power, Principles, and Politics. Texas A&Thousand University Publishing. ISBN9781603449915.
  • Stein, Charles W. (1943). The Tertiary-Term Tradition: Its Rising and Collapse in American Politics. New York: Columbia University Printing.
  • Struble Jr, Robert (Winter 1979–1980). "House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation" (PDF). Political Scientific discipline Quarterly. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-11.
  • Struble Jr, Robert (2010). "Rotation in Office, and other democratic reforms". Treatise on Twelve Lights. Archived from the original on 2016-04-11.
  • Young, James S. (1966). The Washington Community, 1800–1828 . New York: Columbia University Press.

Further reading [edit]

  • Kousser, T. (2004). Term Limits and the Dismantling of Country Legislative Professionalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • O'Keefe, Eric (2008). "Term Limits". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 504–06. doi:ten.4135/9781412965811.n308. ISBN978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
  • Peabody, Bruce G. (2001). "George Washington, presidential term limits, and the problem of reluctant political leadership". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 31 (3): 439–453. doi:10.1111/j.0360-4918.2001.00180.x.
  • Sigel, Roberta S.; Butler, David J. (1964). "The Public and the No Third Term Tradition: Inquiry into Attitudes Toward Power". Midwest Journal of Political Scientific discipline. eight (1): 39–54. doi:10.2307/2108652. JSTOR 2108652.
  • Stathis, Stephen W. (1990). "The Twenty-2nd Subpoena: A practical remedy or partisan maneuver". Constitutional Commentary. 7: 61.

External links [edit]

  • National Conference of State Legislatures term limits summary
  • Discussion on Term Limits

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States

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